陆川的“可可西裏”(2004)是一個很特別的電影。它描寫一個又真真的又悲劇的故事。它在西藏的可可西裏地區被拍的,描寫一個北京來的記者,多於, 到可可西裏巴一個很特別的巡查隊拍照。這個巡查隊沒有中國政府的支持,錢和資源也都沒有,可是他們還要保護可可西裏的珍貴的藏羚羊。他們的領導叫日台。日台和巡查隊跟狩獵這些藏羚羊的偷獵者做一個很危險的遊戲。偷獵者要殺藏羚羊以巴它們的很貴的皮毛拿起來,然後在城市裏可以賣。因爲這個情況跟錢有關,而且是嚴重的; 偷獵者和巡查隊都有槍。
這個電影不但是有趣的而且是挑釁的。它讓我們把幾個很重要的問題想一想,最大的是環境的地位。如果我們從環境的角度看這個電影,可以學很多。在這篇文章裏,我們會分析人類世界的緊張,自然世界的緊張,然後人類根自然的合作。在文章最後一部裏我們會看幾個被電影讓我們問社會和哲學的問題。
我們先會分析電影裏人類世界的緊張的例子。爲什麽這些偷獵者要狩獵藏羚羊?這是很重要的問題。是因爲他們喜歡狩獵嗎?是因爲藏羚羊很好吃嗎?不。他們的衝力是經濟的。藏羚羊的皮毛對很多人很珍貴,是地位的象徵。有很多錢西方的太太喜歡穿皮毛的短上衣所以大家會看她們。所以第一個緊張的例子是個人的。第二個是社會的。因爲能買這種的上衣的人應該有很多錢,他們很小。所以這裡能看到經濟的不平均。一般的中國人或者西藏人不必一般的美國人,比如,有錢的。所以情況已經有將羚羊開發的傾向性。可是這個情況還難,因爲不但有世界東方根西方的不平均,而且有中國東方跟西方的。因爲一般的西藏人不必一般的上海或北京來的人,比如,有錢的,情況也讓西藏人幫助東方人的將羚羊開發。日台的巡查隊是不規則;一般的西藏人願意幫助因爲他們需要錢,需要吃飯。在電影有一個很老的西藏的偷獵者叫馬站林。他說他很老,動物都走了,他不能耕作。他的名字(意思是“一只馬在樹林站者”)當然代表人類根自然的緊張 (Chang, “Reconciling Ethnicity, Subalternity, and Chinese Eco-Aesthetics”)。這個顯現第三個緊張的例子:種族的。在電影裏在西藏人和東方來的漢人有清楚的緊張。這也是問題。
第四個例子是在多餘的人物顯現的,其實像他的照相機是他的鏡頭多於他自己是我們的鏡頭。多於是北京來的記者可是他也是半藏人,所以他的旅行又似地的又公共的。是他的工作,但而且對他很重要。可是因爲他是半漢人,很多西藏人,小孩子比如,覺得他是外國人。所以在“可可西裏” 人類世界一定有緊張。
“可可西裏”顯現人類的問題,可是也顯現自然世界的真實。電影最好的品質之一是它的背景,但不是因爲可可西裏只很漂亮。是因爲可可西裏又漂亮又危險。“可可西裏”的導演袁陆川在拍的時候病了;一個別的工人死了(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekexili:_Mountain_Patrol)。可可西裏可能是德國哲學人康叫做“Sublime”的最好的例子。可可西裏非常高,所以沒有人。電影最難忘的句子之一是“在可可西裏你每一步可能是在那邊世界第一個。” 可可西裏也沒有氧氣。連巡查隊看到偷獵者的時候他們有時候不能停他們,因爲他們不能跑。最後可可西裏也沒有資源。這個問題的結果非常有意思。巡查隊找到偷獵者拿的皮毛的時候他們有一個很難的決定。他們應該不應該賣這些皮毛?
但最重要的自然世界的緊張的例子不是人的問題;是環境的。對,在可可西裏人的生活很難,可是動物的和植物的更難。動物也需要吃飯,可是很多地區沒有吃的東西。。植物需要喝水,可是很多地區沒有水。我們看下一個内容的時候,人類根自然的合作,這個問題會很重要。
“可可西裏”顯現人類世界的緊張,也顯現自然世界的緊張,可是還提供一個解決:人類根自然的合作。這種的合作根道教和佛教的哲學同意;它代表協調和平衡:“The Daoist/Buddhist intellectual traditions . . . advocate a harmonious human-nature relationship and biocentrism, . . . [unlike those of the] subaltern class, where daily life survival involves inevitable exploitation of nature/animal”(Chang, “Reconciling Ethnicity, Subalternity, and Chinese Eco-Aesthetics”)。這種的合作不總是很完美,有時候人或者自然需要做出犧牲。比方説,西藏特別的天葬是一個辦法以人會出犧牲。 我們已經討論可可西裏沒有資源的問題,動物沒有吃的東西的問題;所以解決是什麽?這個傳統對有的外國人很野蠻,可是他們應該在表面上看。這個傳統表面上的哲學很好;它說我們都是世界的一個非常小的部。我們死了以後應該到地球回去。這個倒不是難過的,就是美麗的。
在電影一個尋拆陷入很深的沙子,就死了。陆川拍的方法非常有意思。他用一個很長的拍,而且不用音樂或者聲音。只有這個人慢慢地死。在她的文章裏Chia-ju Chang説明這個方法代表這新的人類根自然的合作的主義,也說這種的生活方式跟道教和佛教的哲學同意:
This scene challenges the human conception of death, which is often taken as a closure. The scene is shot with a silent, uninterrupted long take. After being completely submerged in the sand, the camera removes its close-up shot of Liu Dong's face and zooms out twice to render a lingering pan shot of the same location in which all human trace has been swept away gradually by gusts of wind. The pan shot suggests that nature negates all the human narratives with the language of silence. . . . Vision becomes centralized. The sight of death or more accurately, dying, baffles the audience in that it defies the narrative mode of representation and therefore, turns spatial, or put it in a Chan or Zen way, "turning blank." (Chang, “Reconciling Ethnicity, Subalternity, and Chinese Eco-Aesthetics”)
像西藏人拿刀的方式 (“可可西裏”説明他們總是到他們自己切),這種的生活方式會發展協調和平衡 。可能是我們的解決。
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最後的問題:
我不知道這些問題的答案。可能讀者會想一想,然後寫意見。因爲這些問題很難我會用英文,可是如果你看不懂英文,請告訴我。我會試試翻譯!
1. It remains easy to demarcate “East” and “West” and associate traditional Eastern thinking with biocentric Buddhist and Daoist philosophy and Western thinking with Cartesian dualism and market-fueled anthropomorphism originating in the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution–and there is certainly cause to do so–but might we also reverse this mode of thinking and reassess the demarcation altogether? The West, both the Americas and Europe, has a long history of female-oriented, nature-worshipping societies. Both Native American and ancient pagan societies lived in a manner very much befitting the ecological collaboration model put forth in this essay. On the other hand, the East has a long history of male-dominated, power-oriented thought in the form of Confucian philosophy (consider the five fundamental relationships of all people and the three fundamental roles of women, for example). Further, the East abounds with eating practices (the consumption of dog, for instance) typically frowned upon by Westerners; though the origins or these traditions may lie in issues of subalternity, the fact of the matter is that the traditions still continue despite explosive economic development and Westernization. Even in areas where, say, dog is not eaten, the practice of eating dog, rather than being condemned, seems to be viewed as but one of the amusing customs of the “unsophisticated” country-people.
So, my question is this: what, precisely, is the role of geography and wealth in developing these different modes of human world-natural world cohabitation? Can we predict, by assessing a region’s dominant philosophies/religions and available resources/wealth distribution, whether the people of that region will primarily view their surrounding environment as existing with them or existing for them?
2. My second question is more philosophical. If we truly strive to live a harmonious existence alongside nature (allowing it to exist with us rather than for us), as proscribed by Daoist and Buddhist tradition, can we ever hope to achieve full success in this endeavor? Is not existence, by its very nature, one of conquest? No matter if we are vegetarians or vegans, we must eat; and, in eating plants, we are not only destroying at least some degree (albeit basic) of life but also depriving other animals of potential food sources. When we drink the water we must drink to survive, we unwillingly but undeniably contribute to water shortages which may, in turn, kill other beings. To step out the door each day, whether we know it or not, is to harm and to destroy:the insects which we crush beneath our feet, the bacteria on our body which we freeze to death, the flowers that we pick for a loved one. Are we bound by our very existence to do harm unto others? Are we born into tragedy?
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參考書目
Chang, Chia-ju. “Putting Back the Animals: Ecological-feminist Discourse and
Woman-Animal Meme in Contemporary Chinese and Taiwanese Cultural Imagination.” Date of most recent access: 24 February 2008. http://bb7.wlu.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_2_1&url=%2 Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_1073_1%26url%3D. 26 January 2008.
--------------------. “Reconciling Ethnicity, Subalternity, and Chinese Eco-Aesthetics: Human and Animal Subjects in Lu Chuan’s Kekexili: Mountain Patrol.” Reconstruction: Studies in Contemporary Culture. http://reconstruction.eserver.org Date of most recent access: 24 February 2008. http://reconstruction.eserver.org/072/chang.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekexili:_Mountain_Patrol